by E.H. Carr (1892–1982) was a British historian, diplomat, and international relations theorist, best known for his work The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939, published in 1939. Carr is often associated with the realist school of thought in international relations, particularly political realism, which emphasizes power, national interest, and the anarchic nature of the international system.
Key Contributions of E.H. Carr to Political Realism:
- Critique of Idealism/Utopianism:
- Carr criticized the idealist or utopian approach to international relations, which dominated the interwar period (1919–1939). Idealists believed in the possibility of achieving lasting peace through international law, collective security, and institutions like the League of Nations.
- Carr argued that idealism was naive and failed to account for the realities of power politics. He believed that international relations were inherently conflictual and driven by power struggles.
2. Power and Morality:
- Carr introduced the concept of the interplay between power and morality in international relations. He argued that while morality is important, it is often used as a tool by powerful states to justify their actions.
- He emphasized that power is the central factor in shaping international outcomes, and moral principles are often subordinated to the interests of the powerful.
3. Relativism in International Relations:
- Carr highlighted the relativistic nature of international relations, arguing that what is considered “right” or “just” is often determined by the dominant powers of the time.
- He pointed out that the norms and rules of the international system are not universal but are instead shaped by the interests of the most powerful states.
4. The Role of the Status Quo and Revisionist States:
- Carr distinguished between status quo powers (those that benefit from the existing international order) and revisionist powers (those that seek to change it).
- He argued that conflicts arise when revisionist states challenge the status quo, leading to power struggles and potential wars.
5. Historical Materialism:
- Influenced by Marxist thought, Carr incorporated elements of historical materialism into his analysis. He believed that economic and material factors played a significant role in shaping international relations.
- He argued that economic disparities and inequalities between states were a major source of conflict.
Legacy and Criticisms:
Legacy:
- Carr’s work laid the groundwork for the development of classical realism, which was later expanded by theorists like Hans Morgenthau.
- His critique of idealism and emphasis on power politics remain influential in the study of international relations.
- Criticisms:
- Some critics argue that Carr’s realism is overly pessimistic and dismissive of the potential for cooperation and moral progress in international relations.
- Others contend that his reliance on historical materialism and economic determinism oversimplifies the complexities of international politics.
Conclusion:
E.H. Carr’s contributions to political realism fundamentally shifted the study of international relations by challenging idealist assumptions and emphasizing the centrality of power and conflict. His work remains a cornerstone of realist theory and continues to influence debates about the nature of international politics.
